LA
LEÇON DE CHOSES
Naissance de
l'enseignement des sciences à l'école primaire Pierre KAHN
Quatrième
de couverture
La loi du 28 mars
1882, celle-même qui établit l'obligation d'instruction et la laïcité des enseignements, prévoit
l'introduction dans les programmes obligatoires de l'école primaire des
sciences physiques et naturelles. Quel sens peut avoir pour l'école
républicaine cette nouveauté ? N'est-ce que l'aboutissement normal d'une
scolarisation primaire organisée depuis Guizot, ou bien est-ce un indice
significatif du "nouveau régime" que Jules Ferry annonçait pour
l'école ? Rupture ou continuité ? L'analyse fait apparaître une tension
remarquable entre la réalité des prescriptions (textes officiels, programmes,
etc.), qui maintiennent les sciences dans la tradition modeste et utilitaire de
l'école du peuple, et les représentations idéales d'un projet éducatif et culturel
qui se veut inédit et qui tend à enrôler l'enseignement scientifique primaire
au service de l'humanisme moral, rationaliste, laïque et scientiste qui a
marqué la IIIe République naissante.
L'analyse de la leçon de choses, méthode exemplaire et
universellement préconisée d'un tel enseignement, témoigne de cette tension
dialectique originale entre le rêve et la réalité de l'éducation scientifique
primaire.
Table
Introduction
PREMIERE PARTIE
L'enseignement scientifique
primaire de Guizot à Ferry :
entre rupture et continuité
entre rupture et continuité
Chapitre premier : Les fruits
controversés du savoir
1.
Guizot : les débuts
2.
La loi Falloux : les
sciences facultatives ou comment limiter l’instruction du peuple
3.
Le primat de la pratique ou
l’éducation inutile
4.
Les sciences et la culture
ou le sens d’une dénégation
Chapitre II : La seconde préhistoire de
l’enseignement scientifique primaire
1.
Le « moment Duruy »
ou le temps des pédagogues
2.
Un premier seuil d’éducation
scientifique
3.
La science des enfants
Chapitre
III : L’âge républicain de l’enseignement des sciences : un deuxième
seuil d’éducation scientifique
1.
1878. Le tournant de l’Exposition
universelle
2.
L’ère des manuels
3.
La notion de sciences « usuelles »
4.
De l’accessoire à l’essentiel
ou le rêve de Jules Ferry
DEUXIEME PARTIE
La leçon des choses
Chapitre premier : Histoire d’une leçon
de choses
1.
Les figures indécises de la
leçon de choses
2.
Leçon de choses et méthode
intuitive
3.
Géopédagogie de la leçon de
choses
4.
de la salle d’asile à la
science
5.
L’irréductible ambiguïté de
la leçon de choses
Chapitre II : Epistémologie de la leçon
de choses
1.
Une formation de l’esprit
scientifique ? ou l’enseignement des sciences entre le jour et la nuit
2.
L’enseignement scientifique
du primaire au secondaire : une secrète continuité ?
3.
La notion de savoir
élémentaire
4.
Auguste Comte à l’école
primaire
Chapitre III : La science vertueuse ou l’eudémonisme
républicain
1.
Les vertus intellectuelles
de l’enseignement scientifique
2.
La valeur morale de la
science
3.
Education scientifique et
laïcité
Conclusion
1.
Validation de l’hypothèse
forte
2.
Un modèle de savoir pour l’école
3.
Les sciences dans l’idéologie
scolaire de la République
Bibliographie
Index
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